A full search for the paper industry .. how the paper industry

Material in the form of thin pages made ​​cellulosic fiber weave for vegetables . The material used in these pages of writing and printing , packaging and in the fulfillment of many of purposes , ranging from filtering sediment from solution and industry specific types of building materials.
In the civilization of the twentieth century , it has become an essential element of the paper and became the development of technology for the production responsible for the rapid increase of education and high levels of education among people across the world .
History of the paper industry
Invention of paper back to the third millennium BC (about 2700 BC. AD ) has invented the ancient Egyptians good material for writing , with easy access to this article invaluable in handy , a papyrus . That was one of the greatest inventions in the history of mankind , and before that was the writing ( which appeared in the fourth millennium ) limited to stone or mud flaps and used by the Sumerians , preferring to write on it and found closer to trading , and Acer in the cost of cut stone , the boards made ​​up of silt pure soft , and pour into molds with canonical forms , and they come out the painting on the flat -sided disc , or in the form of a quarter circle flat surface convex back, or in the form of a rectangle . Painting may be in the form of the cone , and leave unchanged , after writing or dried in the heat of normal so gaining appropriate hardness .
The rectangular panels are more common , and were burned in ovens , and kept in the covers of mud after tossing them a little powder dry to prevent silt possess an adhesion , then this breaks cover before reading his portrait of the Interior.
The Egyptians then making paper from papyrus stalks , and resolving place books stone and clay . The papyrus cheaper price and Acer as it was growing in abundance in the swamps of the Delta . The paper pulp to make the cut longitudinal strips are placed in opposing two or three on top of each and then wetted with water and press . It was made ​​as pages separate , and then plastered these pages one at the bottom of the other , and thus might work tapes of different lengths with long texts . The width strips of papyrus has ranged from three feet to 18 feet . The longest known papyrus is Papyrus Harris reached a length of 133 feet and display (16) feet . I have been using papyrus in writing in AD uttered the Mediterranean until the atheist century AD .
The paper is now known , its history goes back to the second century AD . In 105 AD, making Chinese Tse any color paper from the bark of trees, and fish nets . Then come the Chinese to make paper from pulp to the door of the trees disappeared, this place is expensive silk , and the heavy weight of the jungle , who disguised by the Chinese for a long time . After the Chinese developed this material workmanship using fishplates of glue or gelatin mixed with a starchy paste prevailed by fiber paper and make a quick absorption of the ink .
But Chinese paper was limited and did not spread Iva experience in the ancient world or the mediator until the eighth century AD , when the Arabs knew the secrets of the Chinese paper industry after opening Samarkand in 93 AH / 712 AD . And established the first paper mill in Baghdad in 178 AH / 794 AD . And founded al-Fadl ibn Yahya in the era of Harun al-Rashid . Then spread the paper industry by leaps and bounds in all parts of the Islamic world , entered Syria, Egypt , North Africa and Spain , and people were writing until the time of slavery and Alasp and Allkhav , then ordered Harun al-Rashid , after a lot of paper , not people write only in Alkagd .
And developed industry Alkagd Muslims and Islamic factories produced excellent types of it. Among the most famous methods of industry Alkagd in Islamic eras mentioned in the book ' Mayor of the book and several with Kernels ' and it mentions the author of Prince goats bin Badesi way industry Alkagd of material hemp and white way : ' to soak hemp and wander until softened and then soaked in water, lime and rubbed by hand and dried reiterates this process three days and replace the water every time until it becomes white and then cut Palmqrad and soaked with water until relieved lime and then it beats in a mortar , a soprano so as not to keep the contract and then analyzes in the water and it becomes like silk and pour into molds according to the size you want and be a paper cut open strings is attributable to cannabis and hits a strong and boiled in the form of large water and stir on both sides, strong and boiled in the form of large water and stir on both sides, so be Tgena then poured into a mold and stir on a board and pasted on the wall to dry and fall Wei Akhz his smooth delicate and starch in cold water and boil until boiling and pour the flour and stir until Fataly amuse him paper and then damage the paper on a reed to dry from the duplex and then sprinkle with water and dried and polished ' .
During the ten consecutive centuries , until the date of the invention of the first paper machine in the eighteenth century did not change the basic processes used in the paper industry. The raw material was placed in a large basin then Tsahn Bmedkh or sledgehammer to separate the fibers . Then this article is washed with running water to get rid of the dirt , and after separation of the fiber without reservation change the water in the basin. At this stage , the liquid material is ready for the actual papermaking process .
The main machine in the paper industry is the template. This template is placed inside a wooden frame , a movable frame low around its edge . The maker of paper and dip the mold frame in the basin that contains a liquid material , and when they go out of the basin , the mold surface is covered with a thin layer of a mixture of fiber and water. The machine is then rocked back and forth and side to side . This process helps to distribute the mixture evenly over the surface of the mold and make the individual fibers are interwoven with other fibers near them, which makes the paper strong chick . During that run a large part of the water in the mixture over the network in the mold. Then leave the machine and chick wet paper some time until the paper together enough so that they can get rid of the wooden frame around the existing template.
And after removing the wooden frame of the mold , the mold is placed in a position inverted and placed the chick paper on the so-called non-woven homespun pad , then put the pad on the other chick paper and the process is repeated .
After laying pads between the number of chicks paper , placed in a pile all piston and subjected to a pressure of up to 100 tons degree or more where they are getting rid of most of the remaining water in the paper. Then separated from the chicks paper felts and overstock and press . And repeat the process pressure pile of paper several times and each time the pile placed in a different format where the chicks single paper in different modes for the other chicks . This process is called alternately repeated and leads to improve the surface of the leaves that have been completed manufactured . The last stage in the paper industry is the drying stage , where the paper attached in groups of four or five chicks on the ropes in a special drying room until the moisture evaporates completely in it .
For the paper , which uses the ink for the purposes of writing or in print , it requires additional treatment after drying , because without this treatment , will be absorbed by the paper and ink lines appear distorted. Include the treatment process to cover the paper with a layer of glue through Gmesh in a solution of animal glue and then drying the paper they are subjected to this process , and the completion of the paper by pressing the chicks between the metal sheets of paper or cardboard smooth . And determines the strength of the pressure feel of the paper. And pressing the leaves with coarse texture lightly to a relatively short period , while pressing the leaves with a soft texture severe pressure for a relatively longer period .
We have many types of paper in parts of the Islamic state , there was a Ettalhi , and Alnouha , and al-Jaafari , and the Pharaonic , and Tahiri , relative to the names of corrupt officials . This led to facilitate the production of books in a big way . In less than a century , Muslims produced hundreds of thousands of copies of the books , which was decorated with hundreds of public and private libraries all over the world from China in the east to the west of Andalusia .
Enter the Muslims of Andalusia and paper to Europe , and the Europeans at the time they write the Terrapins from the skins of animals , but the monks are accustomed to Knit literature greats Greece Blog slavery to write instead of religious sermons , which led to the loss of much of the heritage of Greece, scientific and cultural .
Then spread craft paper industry in Europe , Vonci the first paper mill in Spain around the year 544 AH / 1150 AD , then deteriorated this industry in Spain , and moved to Italy , and established the first factory for this purpose in the city Verriano year 674 AH / 1276 AD , and set up another factory in Padua in 833 AH / 1340 AD , then the other factories in many Trever , Florence, Bologna , Parma , Milan and Venice . The first paper mill was established in Germany was in the city of Mainz in 719 AH / 1320 AD , followed by another factory in Nuremberg in 792 AH / 1390 AD , while England have delayed the paper industry where for the rest of the European countries for nearly a hundred years was the construction of the first plant where the paper in 1495 AD . During the fifteenth century solution to replace paper skin parchments in writing in Europe . While the paper industry to have entered the United States in the late seventeenth century where he established the first factory in America in 1690 .
And has resulted in increased use of paper in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to a shortage in the bark of the wood raw material , which was sufficient only known European paper makers . At the same time , attempts were made to reduce the cost of paper through the invention of the machine replace the hand- molding process used in the paper industry. Has manufactured the first machine in the process of its 1203 / 1789 was invented by French inventor Nicolas Louis Robert . The development of this machine brothers Robert and Henry Fordgnier Ossell Fordgnier year 1217 AH / 1803 AD . It also solved the problem of the paper industry from cheap raw materials through the manufacturing process to reach a pulp around the year 1840 , has also been reached chemically pulp production processes then about ten years .
And currently makes more than 95% of paper from wood cellulose . Wood pulp is used only in the manufacture of cheap types of paper , such as that used in newsprint , but the species is used where the finest chemically treated wood pulp and a mixture of pulp and bark fibers . . The best types of paper - such as those used in writing - those made of bark fiber only .
Papermaking machine
When the paper industry automatically cleans the bark user using the machine in order to get rid of dust or ash and exotic materials . After the cleaning process , the bark is placed in the kettle where a large circular boil bark and lime under pressure steam for up to several hours . And lime combine with fat and other exotic materials in the soap bark to be insoluble , and can get rid of this soap later , as this reduces any lime colored pigment present in the vehicle color . Then turns to bark machine called a Hollander, a basin is divided longitudinally so that they form a continuum around the tub . In one half of the basin , there is a horizontal cylinder carrying a series of knives that spin rapidly near the base plate , a curved knives other provider . And passing the mixture consisting of bark and water between the cylinder and the baseboard and turns to bark fibers . In the other half of the basin , there is a hollow cylinder wash -coated thin is a network organization in a certain way so that sucks water from the basin , leaving behind her bark and fiber . During the flow of a mixture of water and bark about Alholander , is to get rid of dirt and soaked bark gradually until completely disintegrates into individual fibers . After that is inserted in the machine wet bark Hollander subset in order to separate the fibers again. At this point , add the coloring materials and glue Kasamg or type of resin and filler material , such as sulphate of lime or pure clay , so as to increase the weight and size of the paper

Paper recycling

Recycling paper is a series of processes that convert waste paper into new materials usable again. The lack of basic materials and human need has generated his desire to invent ways to cover the shortfall or downgraded. Vhajth to rubber, plastic and paper led him to the idea of ​​recycling until the economy and good use of these materials , minimizing waste any McCabe preservation of the environment .
This idea began during World War I and II , and this is what the legacy of pollution , and the large number of scattered waste , where the waste collected for re-use , and with the passage of time has become a process of re- industrialization of the most important methods used in the management of solid waste for their environmental benefits . The programs and campaigns carried out by the NGOs interested in the environment played a major role in the expansion of the public thought the issue of recycling because of its great importance has found great reception among students in schools , and even housewives and members of environmental associations .
Was considered remanufacturing direct basic form before the nineties , but with the beginning of the nineties began to focus on re- industrialization indirect , and this improves manufacturing waste to produce other materials based on the same raw material , such as recycled paper and cardboard, plastic, metal , especially aluminum and others.

Paper recycling process

Main article: deinking

The process of paper recycling involves mixing used paper with water and chemicals to break it down. It is then chopped up and heated, which breaks it down further into strands of cellulose, a type of organic plant material; this resulting mixture is called pulp, or slurry. It is strained through screens, which remove any glue or plastic that may still be in the mixture then cleaned, de-inked, bleached, and mixed with water. Then it can be made into new recycled paper.^[2The same fibers can be recycled about seven times, but they get shorter every time and eventually are strained out.^[3]

Rationale for recycling

Industrialized paper making has an effect on the environment both upstream (where raw materials are acquired and processed) and downstream (waste-disposal impacts).^]

Today, 90% of paper pulp is created from wood ( in most modern mills only 9-16% of pulp is made from pulp logs the rest from waste wood that was traditionally burnt). Paper production accounts for about 35% of felled trees,^[5] and represents 1.2% of the world's total economic output.^[6] Recycling one ton of newsprint saves about 1 ton of wood while recycling 1 ton of printing or copier paper saves slightly more than 2 tons of wood.^[7] This is because kraft pulping requires twice as much wood since it removes lignin to produce higher quality fibres than mechanical pulping processes. Relating tons of paper recycled to the number of trees not cut is meaningless, since tree size varies tremendously and is the major factor in how much paper can be made from how many trees.^[8] Trees raised specifically for pulp production account for 16% of world pulp production, old growth forests 9% and second- and third- and more generation forests account for the balance.^[5] Most pulp mill operators practice reforestation to ensure a continuing supply of trees.^{[citation needed]} The Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices.^[9] It has been estimated that recycling half the world’s paper would avoid the harvesting of 20 million acres (81,000 km²) of forestland.^]

Energy

Energy consumption is reduced by recycling,^] although there is debate concerning the actual energy savings realized. The Energy Information Administration claims a 40% reduction in energy when paper is recycled versus paper made with unrecycled pulp,^] while the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) claims a 64% reduction.³Some calculations show that recycling one ton of newspaper saves about 4,000 kWh (14 GJ) of electricity, although this may be too high (see comments below on unrecycled pulp) ( recycling paper also produces no free energy in the way of process steam or recovery steam thus making it more expensive to recycle paper than to make new paper^{[citation needed]}). This is enough electricity to power a 3-bedroom European house for an entire year, or enough energy to heat and air-condition the average North American home for almost six months.^] Recycling paper to make pulp actually consumes more fossil fuels than making new pulp via the kraft process; these mills generate most of their energy from burning waste wood (bark, roots, sawmill waste) and byproduct lignin (black liquor).^] Pulp mills producing new mechanical pulp use large amounts of energy; a very rough estimate of the electrical energy needed is 10 gigajoules per tonne of pulp (2500 kW·h per short ton).^]

Landfill use

About 35% of municipal solid waste (before recycling) by weight is paper and paper products.^]

Water and air pollution

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper.^] Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago. Recycling paper decreases the demand for virgin pulp, thus reducing the overall amount of air and water pollution associated with paper manufacture. Recycled pulp can be bleached with the same chemicals used to bleach virgin pulp, but hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydrosulfite are the most common bleaching agents. Recycled pulp, or paper made from it, is known as PCF (process chlorine free) if no chlorine-containing compounds were used in the recycling process.^] However, recycling mills may have polluting by-products like sludge. De-inking at Cross Pointe's Miami, Ohio mill results in sludge weighing 22% of the weight of wastepaper recycled.

Recycling facts and figures

n the mid-19th century, there was an increased demand for books and writing material. Up to that time, paper manufacturers had used discarded linen rags for paper, but supply could not keep up with the increased demand. Books were bought at auctions for the purpose of recycling fiber content into new paper, at least in the United Kingdom, by the beginning of the 19th century.

Internationally, about half of all recovered paper comes from converting losses (pre-consumer recycling), such as shavings and unsold periodicals; approximately one third comes from household or post-consumer waste.

Some statistics on paper consumption:

• The average per capita paper use worldwide was 110 pounds (50 kg).
• It is estimated that 95% of business information is still stored on paper.
• Recycling 1 short ton (0.91 t) of paper saves 17 mature trees, 7 thousand US gallons (26 m³) of water, 3 cubic yards (2.3 m³) of landfill space, 2 barrels of oil (84 US gal or 320 l), and 4,100 kilowatt-hours (15 GJ) of electricity – enough energy to power the average American home for six months.
• Although paper is traditionally identified with reading and writing, communications has now been replaced by packaging as the single largest category of paper use at 41% of all paper used.
• 115 billion sheets of paper are used annually for personal computers.^[27] The average web user prints 28 pages daily.
• Most corrugated fiberboard boxes have over 25% recycled fibers^{[citation needed]}. Some are 100% recycled fiber.

Paper recycling by region

European Union

Paper recovery in Europe has a long history and has grown into a mature organization. In 2004 the paper recycling rate in Europe was 54.6% or 45.5 million short tons (41.3 Mt).^[29] The recycling rate in Europe reached 64.5% in 2007, leaving the industry on track to meeting its voluntary target of 66% by 2010.

Japan

Municipal collections of paper for recycling are in place. However, according to the Yomiuri Shimbun, in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to intentionally mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the amount of recycled paper used

United States

Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. The history of paper recycling has several dates of importance:

• 1690: The first paper mill to use recycled linen was established by the Rittenhouse family.^[31]
• 1896: The first major recycling center was started by the Benedetto family in New York City, where they collected rags, newspaper, and trash with a pushcart.
• 1993: The first year when more paper was recycled than was buried in landfills.^]

Today, over half of all paper used in the United States is collected and recycled.^[33] Paper products are still the largest component of municipal solid waste, making up more than 40% of the composition of landfills.^[34][35] In 2006, a record 53.4% of the paper used in the US (or 53.5 million tons) was recovered for recycling.^[36] This is up from a 1990 recovery rate of 33.5%.^] The US paper industry set a goal of recovering 55 percent of all paper used in the US by 2012. Paper products used by the packaging industry were responsible for about 77% of packaging materials recycled, with more than 24 million pounds recovered in 2005.^]

By 1998, some 9,000 curbside recycling programs and 12,000 recyclable drop-off centers existed nationwide. As of 1999, 480 materials recovery facilities had been established to process the collected materials.^]

In 2008, the global financial crisis caused the price of old newspapers to drop in the U.S. from $130 to $40 per short ton ($140/t to $45/t) in October.^]

Mexico

In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in papermills accounting for about 75% of raw materials.^]

Soap making his way in the house

The first way ..Amounts HaCans of olive oil .. approximately 16 kgCaustic soda and has several names .. Kaocetk soda or Qtrona or entirely possible and brought from store construction materials .Water - 8 litersWay ..First, you should exercise extreme caution when it is prepared and wear plastic gloves and use toolsPlastic or wood to boil and stir .. must use a pot made ​​of iron rather than aluminumOr Stainless Steel .. Materials because they interact with the soda produces fumes and thick smoke very severe Vigilance Please ..How to prepare ...In a bowl put a plastic soda and water and put Nkhalthm stir well by a long plank .As a result of interaction with soda water mixture becomes very hot ..Continue stirring until melted soda well .. Leave it to cool down a bitThen put oil with constant stirring until well mixed .Then leave for almost ten hours until the fermentation . The best thing at night , processing and leftFor the second day .After that we put in the barrel iron on the backburner and Nhrkha well consistently for an hour and a half or two hours.Then poured into wooden drawers and leave to dry put in place under well-ventilated and relatively cool .After a day or two and go We turn them over to dry completely .And thus be ready for use .. Bath and , God willing, our God
The second method ...Ingredients ..3 kg of olive oil450 g caustic soda (soda Kaocetk )And a half -liter of waterWayMelt the soda in the water well and continue stirring until the temperature is moderate ( tepid )Then put oil with constant stirring and Nhrkha becomes sticky Kalshambo .Then put them in plastic containers or cardboard shoes sight of God after packaging from abroad BallasqPlastic adhesive broad .. .. So do not open when we put the mix.Clear idea .. Means we get a carton ( shoebox ) Nglvha from abroad Baltchiq to become stronger and so as not to spoil the liquid soap .Keep the mixture of soap , of course , we need more than two cartons possible or three depending on the size carton .And put it in a well ventilated place away from sunlight and needs two to three days to dry .After dry soap go every day to its present Nqlbh all to dry completely .It is used ..This second method of course you should pay attention .. the use of plastic containers and wooden stick to move ..Bacon to do them in color on the Green Xue result olive oil and Ptwhit day all day .. I mean when it is fully droughtThe formation of a very beautiful white whiteness . And the formation of a liquid almost to do them and Ptbdo dry slowly .I mean, if Bchowoha liquid do not be afraid be kept dry and you have the finest soap ..
Soap Lavender ..After processing the previous mixture of soap before and poured in a cartonAdd lavender flowers as possible , as well as powdered lavender oil aromatherapy .And pour out to dry and so we have a soap and perfume of lavender flowers .
Soap honey ..Possible Add honey to the mixture and then pour the mixture to dry .
Chamomile SoapChamomile Flowers and prepare well and then Nfrckha Nnkhalha until we have a flower without any dirt or polesThen Nkhaltha soap after processing.
Soap bran .Add bran are clean before pour soap .
Soap smell of jasmineShould be added to the aromatic jasmine oil mixture .

How Pepsi-making

Who among us did not taste the taste of Pepsi ! This drink humidifier , which entered into the 
mouths of millions were left without a corner of it was conquered in 195 countries around the planet .
A simple idea started from the head pharmacist was trying to install a medicine for treatment of dyspepsia , and if it detects a drink savory and non- wetted pattern of eating and drinking in the world , and became great by asking small . How come Caleb Pradhan to this discovery ?
Caleb Pradhan was born in 1876 in Naobern in the United States . Forced to leave the university before graduating from the University of Maryland Medical bankrupt when his father and his business failed .
To earn a living turning Caleb Pradhan to education and studied at school - Oakes Smith - in Naobern to be married - Sarah Charity Chridl - . After leaving teaching work in a pharmacy Pollock , which he bought after he became a master of pharmacology .
Began through his work in the pharmacy mixing prescriptions and medical syrups , and hired through his work as his assistant to be able to blend watching mixture of fruit -flavored syrup with soda water .
In the hot, humid summer day in 1898 AD . In Naobern discovered Caleb Pradhan - aged 22 years - drink delicious moisturizer and submit it to the pharmacy customers . To succeed this drink humidifier unexpected success , and is known as - Pepsi Cola - .
Caleb Pradhan was sure that people would come to his pharmacy if gave them something they love and Anachehem in free days . The Khaltth Alzivh composed of extracts from the plant cola , vanilla and rare oils . He knew the name of this drink - drink Brad - relative to Pradhan .
Caleb Pradhan decided to nominate as the featured drink Pepsi -Cola because he was , in his opinion treats disease dyspepsia , which is known as Dyspepsia.
Enjoyed overwhelming popular drink Pepsi . What payment Caleb Pradhan to advertise this drink invader and humidifier . And defending people 's request and sales began to rise to the point with Caleb Pradhan convinced that opens the company to market the drink featured .
20120904-002612.jpg
The foundations of the world in 1902 Pepsi -Cola in the back room of his pharmacy , offering patented his invention to score a brand registered .
Initially, it was mixed drink and sells through machines soda water . But since necessity is the mother of invention Caleb Pradhan decided to sell Pepsi in small bottles so he can drink anyone and anywhere .
The evolution of the work significantly , and in the June 16, 1903 Pepsi -Cola got its brand on the registered office of the recording brands and trademarks in the United States . During the same year he sold Caleb Pradhan 7968 gallons of Pepsi , and the propaganda says : '' refreshing , tonic , and peptic '' .
Then he started to sell the franchise rights for Pepsi Bottling in cans and bottles , and the number rose from 2 in 1905 to 15 in 1906 and to 40 in 1907 , and with the end of the year 1910, the Pepsi-Cola has branches in 24 states .
This was the most important achievement of what he did Caleb Pradhan , and his company's sales increased to 100,000 gallons of wine per year .
Pepsi -Cola 's success reached its peak year in 1909 where he opened a new headquarters Caleb Pradhan and prided itself on its great Naobern City , and placed it on postcards of the city. The year before ( 1908 ) is considered one of the first of his company switched from carriages to cars to transport their wares.
Caleb Pradhan became the owner of a very popular thanks to his sense of thanks and delicate business . Was nominated for the post of governor in his state , and his continued success. Thus, Pepsi -Cola , flew internationally with great success for 17 years , did not know failure, and was successful Pepsi slogan put forward by Caleb Pradhan : '' drink Pepsi -Cola , they are inevitably Strdak '' .
After 17 years of success came World War and the first and relapsed Pepsi influenced by what is happening around them , and sugar prices fluctuated seriously influenced the production of Pepsi -Cola .
Was Caleb Pradhan forced to risk some trades so that he can continue to be forced in the end , is 3 years cumbersome , declare bankruptcy after storage of sugar in huge quantities and dropped its price suddenly , dozens of times , and that was the misfortune of Caleb Pradhan , was left of the Pepsi factories are only two ( in 1921 ) .
Caleb Pradhan returned to his pharmacy and put the name of Pepsi For Sale . And already sold it to - Roy Megargl - and that after a succession of four owners of the name of all failed in the delivery of Pepsi to safety and to fly high , that came to a successful chocolate factory named - Charles Relief - . This was a person as a savior for Pepsi , where the company benefited from his experience and his ideas .
After 15 years of failure from the date of the bankruptcy Caleb Pradhan - who died at the age of fifty-eighth , after about 10 years from the date of bankruptcy - and the company stood on her feet again .
During the Second World War, the company returned to the back and suffered from the recession and the economic situation is tense , and people were not paying 5 cents versus drink moisturizer that doubled the size of the relief Pepsi versus the same price that a competitor companies other refreshments .
Pepsi returned to quit again after World War II with new ideas and new logos and ads , including the famous song publicity Nickel, Nickel -.
Pepsi is the world of the best companies in the world ranking and 21 in the first five hundred companies in the United States .
Restaurants and Pepsi owns Pizza Hut , Kentucky Fried Chicken , Taco Restaurants and smooth and even .
And worked for PepsiCo Global about half a million people in its factories and restaurants owned .
A simple idea and a desire modest discovered drink black reached every corner of the globe , and walked around the black water quantities can be filled rivers.

How plastics industry

You will learn about the subject of the plastics industry on all things related to it , such as:

 Plastic industry

Project plastics industry

Ways plastics industry
How plastics industry
Plastics industry in Egypt
The way the industry and the formation of plastic
Introduction to the plastics industry :

Is the plastics industry of vital industries upon which the rights in various areas of life The products plastics industry starting from the pots in the house to the ceilings to cars to airplanes and enter the plastics industry in many other industries Kalsnaat metal , wood and electricity cables , appliances , electronics and packaging industries , and falls under the the plastics industry a lot of industries.
The plastic or so-called " plastic " material is easy configuration consists of different ways chains called polymers .
Still communities experiencing development since the Stone Age and even the age of the black gold ( oil ) , which contributed to the emergence of new industries and many have appeared plastics industry flourished and became today occupies the top of the current industries as a result of frequent use in everyday life , because the plastics industry interference in the composition of things and tools around .
The plastics industry is of the following materials :
Petroleum .
Natural gas .
Coal .

Composition used in the plastics industry :
Plastic consists of ethylene , one of the derivatives of oil, which is used in the manufacture of polythene because it contains the element carbon , which is the most effective in the industry Albolemar , and added to it the properties of a certain gain Kalliona , flexibility and transparency.
Plastics Industry :
Production of plastic - plastic industry
Includes the manufacture of plastic polymers manufacturing stage and then stage the formation of the final product .
Preparation Albolemar :
The petrochemical plants to convert crude oil to the monomers of cracking through the links , and then linking Almonomirat in long chains called Polymer and be completed in standard units .
Industry and the formation of plastic :
Forming plastic product - the plastics industry
During this stage is the formation of the final product after the addition of plasticizers and Kalmqoyat Alakhaddab to improve its properties , and the product is formed by seven major operations :
Stereotyping any industry template as required for casting or casting it.
Casting or molding .
Extrusion .
Telmas or the formation of polished wafers .
The formation of chips or lamination .
Foam .
Thermoforming .
The plastics industry by molding :
The molding process is divided into a set of other processes :
Bloating : This process is used in the manufacture of bottles hollows , and the process is done through the introduction of a tube of molten resin ( Barison ) in the form of compressed air and pushes or steam , which expands to Albarison resin impetus to all aspects of the template.
Injections: a more thermo-plastic molding processes common , and the process is done by dropping tablets from the resin pot oppressive to the template to be made ​​, and after 30 seconds the plastic solidifies , then opens the template and then is ejected product formed by nail expulsion .
Pressure: This is more of molding processes commonly called Almtsaldat thermal , and surgery is performed by pressing the plastic and then put pressure on the configuration template used in the formation of the final product and the products of this process trusses car handles and utensils.
Rotational force : This is done through the template partially filled resin powder , and then heating the mold and engine management problem at a maximum speed centrifugal force .
After that the force called Force to pay the molten resin to the walls of the mold and then keep it in place until harden.
The plastics industry by casting or molding :
Or casting foundries - Project plastics industry
This process is used in the formation of thermo-plastic material , and is the process by pouring the molten resin in a mold and then left to Atsald , and the most important products of this process : the gears and thick panels .
The plastics industry by extrusion :
Extrusion process - the plastics industry

This process is used in the production of pipes and wire rods and caps , with the introduction of solid particles from gases emerging from the plastic pot into a conical cylinder hot.
Formation of polished wafers :
This process is performed put molten plastic Muscolan between a couple of cylinders and hot This process results in elements such as : playing cards with plastic -covered mattresses and used in the tables , and after adding fiber sheets or metal foils .
The formation of chips or lamination :
That Ptchiq piles of fiberglass , wood, paper , then soak the chips in the resin and the process is put on top of each other and then put it under the machine where this machine pressuring until the resin Ptchiq chips with some strong pressure produced from this process compressed wood panels cover the tables .
The plastics industry by thermoforming :
Thermoforming - Project plastics industry
They process the least expensive in terms of money compared to other processes , and are installed plastic sheet over the mold and heated until soft , then suck the air pump chips soft down to cover all of the mold, then it becomes hardened and appear in the forms and templates are different and the most important products bathtubs .
Kinds of plastic :
There are two basic types of plastic are:
Thermoplastic :
Thermal plastic products - plastics industry
He is soften heat and then changed its shape and therefore can be melted down and re- formed , and this type is the most widely used products are : plastic bags , bottles and plastic .
Plastic Allahrara :
Turns this kind of after -machined plastics material is molten , and can not be re- formed and soften when re-heating , and uses this type of plastic in the packaging of electrical wires and handles pots .